Background

Male sexual dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction (ED), premature ejaculation (PE), and Peyronie’s disease (PD), is highly prevalent and tends to have a significant impact on men’s health globally. The normal courses of treatment for these include pharmacological routes, like phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5-is) for ED, physiotherapeutic routes, like the stop-start method for PE, and surgical routes for PD and ED. However, even the most standard options have their drawbacks, sometimes leading to frustration and further distress among patients.

Background

Peri-orgasmic fluid (POF) encompasses vaginal lubrication, squirting, female ejaculation (FE), and urine from coital incontinence (CI). These all occur naturally but have different biochemical compositions.

Background

Klinefelter syndrome (KF) is a genetic condition in which men have an extra X chromosome. Affecting between 1 in 500 and 1 in 1000 men, KF can cause differences in sex hormones that affect sexual function and fertility. In addition to these complications, KF may also cause metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, hair and muscle mass loss, and breast enlargement.

Background

Vulvodynia is a chronic vulvar pain disorder of unknown cause, and can be persistent or provoked (with penetration, tampons, pelvic exams, etc.), beginning at any age. Typically, vulvodynia is diagnosed when symptoms occur in the absence of known infections, dermatological conditions, and neurological disorders.

Background

Priapism is defined as persistent or prolonged erection occurring with or without sexual stimulation. Ischemic priapism (priapism with little to no blood flow) accounts for roughly 95% of all priapism cases – a urological emergency requiring very quick management to avoid tissue death.

Background

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a sexual dysfunction that affects roughly 5-15% of men globally, of which definitions vary, but mostly consist of: